Indonesia Language

Indonesian is the official language of the Republic of Indonesia and the language of Indonesian national unity. Indonesian was launched after the proclamation of Indonesian independence, exactly a day later, coinciding with the coming into force of the constitution. In Timor Leste, Indonesian language a position as a working language.

From the standpoint of linguistics, Indonesian language is a language variant Malays. The basis used is the language of the Riau Malays of the 19th century. In its development he experienced a change due to its use as a working language within the colonial administration and the various standardization process since the early 20th century. The naming of "The Indonesian Language" begins since the introduction of Youth Pledge Day, October 28, 1928, to avoid the impression "language imperialism" if the name still used Melayu language. This process causes different today from the Indonesian language variants used in Riau Malays and Peninsular Malaya. Until today, Indonesian language is a living language, which continues to generate new words, either through creation or absorption of local languages and foreign languages.

Although it is understood and spoken by more than 90% Indonesian, Indonesian is not the native language for most speakers. The majority of Indonesian citizens using one of 748 languages that exist in Indonesia as a native language. Indonesian speaker often uses everyday version (kolokial) and / or mixing with other Malays dialects or mother tongues. Nevertheless, Indonesian language is very widely used in universities, in the mass media, literature, software, official correspondence, and various other public forums, so that it can be said that Indonesian is used by all Indonesian citizens.

Phonology and grammar of Indonesian is considered relatively easy. The basics are important for basic communication can be learned only in the past few weeks.

History
Past as a language Melayu

Indonesian is the language variant Malays, a branch of the Austronesian language from the languages of Sunda-Sulawesi, which is used as a lingua franca in the archipelago possibility since the early centuries of the modern calendar.

Sriwijaya from the 7th century AD known to use the language of Malays (Melayu as the language of Kuna) as the state language. Five ancient inscriptions found in southern Sumatra's royal heritage using the language of Malays who liberally sprinkled with loan words from Sanskrit, an Indo-European language of Indo-Iranian branch. Reach the use of this language is widely known, because the documents were found the next century on the island of Java and the island of Luzon. The words such as oceans, the wife of the king, son, head, married, and glass entrance on period until the 15th century AD.

In the 15th century developed a form that is considered as the language of Classical Melayu (Malay classical or medieval Malay). This form is used by the Sultanate of Melaka, which its development was later called as a High Melayu language. Its use is limited among the royal family in the vicinity of Sumatra, Java and the Malay Peninsula. [Citation needed] The Portuguese Report, for example by Tome Pires, mentions the existence of a language understood by all merchants in the Sumatra and Java. Magellan has been reported from the Archipelago slave who became an interpreter in the area. The most prominent characteristic in the range of this history is to begin entry of loan words from Arabic and the language of Persia, as a result of the spread of Islam that began to enter since the 12th century. Arabic words such as mosques, heart, scroll, seat, survived, and paper, and the Parsi words such as wine, the whip, the council, merchant, sightseeing, and tobacco into this period. Absorption process from Arabic continued until now.

The arrival of Portuguese traders, followed by the Netherlands, Spain and the UK to improve information and change the habits of people who use the language of the Malays. Portuguese language many words to enrich the European habits in everyday life, such as churches, shoes, soap, table, balls, cakes, and windows. Dutch language, especially a lot of giving enrichment in the areas of administration, the official activities (for example, in a ceremony and military), and technology to the early 20th century. Words such as ashtrays, police, refrigerator, exhaust, and the stamp is a loan from this language.

Language used by immigrants from China is also gradually used by speakers of Malays, due to contacts between those who began intensive under Dutch rule. It was to be expected, Sino words usually associated with trade entry and daily necessities, such as knives, bean sprouts, tofu, attic, teapots, employer, and financiers.

January Huyghen van Linschoten to the 17th century and Alfred Russel Wallace in the 19th century declared that the language of the Malays / Melaka regarded as the most important language in the "world of the east". The extent of this use of language Melayu delivery across a wide variety of local and temporal. Bahasa Melayu trade using the language at various ports Nusantara mixed with Portuguese, the language Tionghoa, as well as the local language. Pidginisasi process occurs at various ports in eastern Indonesia, for example in Manado, Ambon and Kupang. Tionghoa people in Semarang and Surabaya also uses pidgin variant Melayu language. There is also language Tionghoa Malays in Batavia. This last variant is used as the language of instruction even for some first-language newspaper Melayu (since the late 19th century), these local variants are generally termed Melayu language Market by language researchers.

Important breakthrough occurred when, in the mid-19th century from the court of Raja Ali Haji of Riau-Johor (Melaka Sultanate fractions) write a monolingual dictionary for the language of the Malays. Since then it can be said that this language is a full-fledged language, as tall as international languages at the time, because it has rules and documentation are clearly defined word.

Until the late 19th century can be said there are at least two language groups are known to the public Melayu Nusantara: bahasa Melayu kolokial market and non-standard and High Melayu language but have limited their use standards. This language can be said as a lingua franca, but mostly existed as a second or third language. Loan words Indonesian

Dutch East Indies colonial government realized that the language of Malays can be used to help the administration for the civil servants because the mastery of the native language of the native Dutch officials considered weak. By relying on the High Melayu language (because already have reference books), number of Dutch scholars became involved in language standardization. Melayu language promotion was conducted in schools and supported the publication of literary works in the language of the Malays. As a result of this choice is formed 'embryo' in Indonesian which gradually began to separate from the original form of Riau-Johor Malays language.

In the early 20th century split in the form of standard written language of Malays began to appear. In 1901, Indonesia (as the Dutch East Indies) adopted the spelling Van Ophuijsen Fellowship in 1904 and Land Melayu (later became part of Malaysia) under the British adopted the spelling Wilkinson. Van Ophuysen Spelling begins with the preparation of the Book of Slang Melayu (starting 1896) van Ophuijsen, assisted by Nawawi Soetan Soetan Ma'moer and Moehammad Taib Ibrahim.

Stronger government intervention through the establishment Commissie voor de Volkslectuur ("People's Commission on Reading" - KBR) in 1908. Later, the institute is a Hall Poestaka. In 1910 this commission, under the leadership of DA Rinkes, Poestaka Parks program launched by forming a small library in a variety of native schools and some government-owned institutions. The development of this program very rapidly, within two years had formed about 700 libraries. Indonesian officially recognized as "the language of national unity" at the Youth Pledge Day on October 28, 1928. Language use Melayu as the national language of the proposal Muhammad Yamin, a politician, writer, and historian. In his speech at the second National Congress in Jakarta, Jamin said,

"When referring to the future of the languages that exist in Indonesia and kesusastraannya, there are only two languages that can be expected to be the national language of Javanese and Malays. But from those two languages, language Melayulah which will gradually become lingua franca or language of unity .

Further development of Indonesian language and literature heavily influenced by the Minangkabau writers, such as Mad Rush, Abdul Muis, Nur Sutan Iskandar, Sutan Alisyahbana Providence, Hamka, Roestam Effendi, Idrus, and Anwar. Poets are a lot of filling and increase vocabulary, syntax, and morphology of the Indonesian language.

The Most Events with development of Indonesia
Details as follows:

1. In 1908 the colonial government established an agency-book publisher books called Commissie voor de Volkslectuur (Reading People's Park), who later in the year 1917 changed to Balai Pustaka. These publishers Agency publishes novels, such as Siti Nurbaya and One Care, books on farming guide, the guide to maintain the health, no small helped spread the language among Malays in the wider community.

2. Dated June 16, 1927 John Datoek Kajo using the Indonesian language in a speech. This is for the first time in the session of the Volksraad, someone addressed using the Indonesian language.

3. Dated October 28, 1928 formally proposed that Muhammad Yamin Melayu language became the language of Indonesian unity.

4. Year 1933 established a generation of young writers who called himself as a poet led by New Destiny Alisyahbana Sutan.

5. Sutan 1936 New Providence Alisyahbana arrange Indonesian grammar.

6. Date 25-28 June 1938 Indonesian Language Congress, first held in Solo. From the results of the congress can be concluded that the business of coaching and development of Indonesian have been undertaken consciously by Indonesian intellectuals and cultural moment.

7. Dated August 18, 1945 ditandatanganilah Constitution of 1945, in which one of the article (Article 36) provides for the Indonesian language as the state.

8. Dated March 19, 1947 inaugurated the use of spelling as an alternate spelling of Van Ophuijsen previously accepted.

9. Dated October 28 till 2 November 1954 Indonesian Language Congress held in Medan
II. This Congress is a manifestation of the Indonesian nation determination to continually improve Indonesian who was appointed as the national language and set as the state language.

10. Dated August 16, 1972 AH M. Soeharto, President of the Republic of Indonesia, inaugurated the use of Enhanced Indonesian Spelling (EYD) through the state address before the Parliament session which is also reinforced by Presidential Decree No. 57 years old in 1972.

11. Dated August 31, 1972 Minister of Education and Culture set Spelling Indonesian General Guidelines and General Guidance Enhanced establishment of an official term applies in all regions of Indonesia (Wawasan Nusantara).

12. Dated October 28 till 2 November 1978 Indonesian Language Congress held in Jakarta III. Congress which was held to commemorate Youth Oath-50 is in addition to showing the progress, growth and development of Indonesian since 1928, also tried to establish the position and function of the Indonesian language.

13. Date 21-26 November 1983 Indonesian Language Congress held in Jakarta IV. This Congress was held in commemoration of Youth Pledge day of the 55th. In its decision stated that the maintenance and development of Indonesian should be increased so that the mandate set out in the line-Outline of State Policy, which obliges to all Indonesian citizens for using the Indonesian language properly and correctly, can be achieved as closely as possible.

14. Dated October 28 till 3 November 1988 Indonesian Language Congress V held in Jakarta. This congress was attended by about seven hundred expert Indonesian participants from all over Indonesia and guests from friendly countries such as Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Singapore, Holland, Germany, and Australia. Congress was signed by the great works he offered Center for Language Development and the lover of language in the archipelago, the Big Indonesian Dictionary and Grammar Raw Indonesian.

15. Dated October 28 till 2 November 1993 Indonesian Language Congress held in Jakarta VI. As many as 770 participants from the Indonesian language experts and foreign guests from 53 participants include Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, Singapore, South Korea and the United States. Congress proposed that the Center for Language Development and upgraded its status to Indonesian institutions, and proposes the formulation of Indonesian Law.

16. 26-30 October 1998 Date of Indonesian Language Congress VII held at the Hotel Indonesia, Jakarta. Congress that proposed the formation of Advisory Body Language.

Completion of the spelling
Language spellings for Melayu / Indonesia has experienced several stages as follows:
[Edit] Spelling van Ophuijsen

Spelling is a spelling Melayu language with Latin letters. Charles Van Ophuijsen assisted by Nawawi Soetan Soetan Ma'moer and Moehammad Taib Ibrahim compile this new spelling in 1896. Grammar guide that became known as the van Ophuijsen spelling was officially recognized in 1901 the colonial government. The characteristics of this spelling is:

1. Ï letters to distinguish between the letter "i" as a suffix and therefore should be voiced separately with diphthongs such as starting with the crowd. Also used to write the letter y as in Soerabaia.
2. J letters to write words which, laborers, spare, and so on.
3. Oe letters to write words Teacher, sn, oemoer, etc..
4. Diacritical marks, like commas trema Ain and signs, to write words ma'moer, 'sense, ta', 'pa', etc..

Spelling was incorporated on March 19, 1947 replacing the previous spelling. Spelling is also known by the name spelling Soewandi. Spelling characteristics are:

1. Oe replaced with the letter u on the teachers' words, that, age, etc..
2. Hamzah sound and sound jerking written by k in the words no, sir, the people, etc..
3. Repeated words may be written with two numbers as in kanak2, was jalan2, the barat2's.
4. Prefix in-and prepositions in both series with the words written by her side.

The concept of spelling is known at the end of 1959. Because of political developments during the following years, diurungkanlah inauguration of this spelling.
[Edit] Spelling Indonesian What Enhanced (EYD)

Spelling was officially inaugurated on August 16, 1972 by the President of the Republic of Indonesia. The inauguration was based on the decision of the President of No. 57, Year 1972. With EYD, spelling two cognate languages, namely Indonesian and Bahasa Malaysia, more and more standardized.
Changes:
Indonesia(pra-1972) Malaysia(pra-1972) Sejak 1972
tj ch c
dj j j
ch kh kh
nj ny ny
sj sh sy
j y y
oe* u u

Note: Year 1947 "oe" had been replaced with "u".

List of words in the Indonesian language absorption

Indonesian language is the language that is open. The point is that this language absorbed many words from other languages.
Origin of Language Number Words
Dutch 3280 words
English 1610 words
Arabic 1495 words
Old Javanese-Sanskrit 677 words
Chinese 290 words
Portuguese 131 words
Tamil 83 words
Parsi 63 word
Hindi 7 words

Classification
Indonesia, including members of the Western Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Malayo-Polynesian languages which in turn is a branch of the Austronesian language. According to the Ethnologue website, the Indonesian language is based on the language Melayu Riau dialect spoken in northeastern Sumatra

Geographical Distribution
Indonesian is spoken throughout Indonesia, although the more widely used in urban areas (such as in Jakarta and Betawi dialect and accent Betawi).

The use of languages in the region are usually more formal, and often tucked dialect and accent in Indonesian regions that are spoken. To communicate with fellow regional language of the regions is sometimes used as a substitute for the Indonesian language.

Official Position

Indonesian has a very important position as shown in:

1. Third Pledge Youth Pledge in 1928 with a resounding, "We are sons and daughters of Indonesia upholds the unity of language, Indonesian language.
2. Constitution of the Republic in 1945 Chapter XV (Flag, Language, and the State Seal and National Anthem) Article 36 states that "language is Indonesian State."

From these two things, then the position of the Indonesian language as:

1. Language and nationality, his position is above the regional languages.
2. Language of the country (the official language of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia)

Sound
Here is the latest from the Indonesian language phoneme
vowel
Rear Middle Front
I ː u ː
Closed
Central e ə o
Almost Open (ɛ) (ɔ)
Open a


Indonesian also has the diphthongs / ai /, / au /, and / oi /. However, in closed syllables, such as water two vowels are not pronounced as a diphthong
Dental consonant Langit2 Lips hard Langit2 Software Cracks voice
Nasal m n n ɲ
Letup p b t d k g c ɟ ʔ
Fizz (f) s (z) (ç) (x) h
Trill / Side l r
Approximation w j


* Singing in parentheses are allophones while the consonants in parentheses are loan phonemes and words only appear in absorption.
* / K /, / t / and / t / no diaspirasikan
* / T / and / d / is not consonant dental consonant dental cavities as in English.
* / K / at the end of a consonant syllables letup glottis
* Emphasis is placed on the second-last syllable of the word root. However, if this syllable contains pepet the emphasis moved to the last syllable.

Grammar
Compared with European languages, Indonesian language does not use the word sexed. As an example of pronouns like "he" does not specifically indicate whether the person who called it male or female. The same is also found in words such as "brother" and "boyfriend" as an example. To elaborate a gender, an adjective must be added, "brother" as an example.

There is also the word sex, like for example "princess" and "son". Words like these are usually absorbed from other languages. In the case above, the two words absorbed from Sanskrit through the Old Javanese language.

To change a noun into the plural is used reduplication (repetition of words), but only if the amount is not involved in context. As an example of "a thousand people" is used instead of "a thousand people." Repetition of the word also has many other uses, not limited to nouns.

Indonesian uses two types of first person plural pronouns, namely "we" and "we." "We" is the exclusive pronoun that means not including the other person, while "we" is inclusive pronoun which means a group of people called, including his interlocutor.

Basic word order of Subject - Predicate - Object (SPO), although others may also be wordings. The verb is not in the language berinfleksikan to the person or the number of subjects and objects. Indonesian is also not known at the time (tense). Time is indicated by adding an adverb of time (like "yesterday" or "tomorrow"), or other instructions such as "already" or "not yet".

With a fairly simple grammar of Indonesian have their own complexity, namely the use of the additive which may be quite confusing for people who first learn the Indonesian language.

Prefixes, suffixes, and inserts
Indonesian has a lot of prefixes, suffixes, or inserts, both the original languages of the archipelago as well as borrowed from foreign languages.

For a list of prefixes, suffixes, and inserts can be viewed on their respective pages.
Dialect and language diversity
In the Indonesian situation develop many variants of the variant according to the user who is referred to as dialects and variants by use of so-called variety of language.

Dialects are distinguished for the following happenings:

1. Regional dialects, namely various languages spoken in certain areas so that he distinguished the language used in an area with the language used in other areas even though they are derived from the language eka. Therefore, language dikenallah Ambon Melayu dialect, the dialect of Jakarta (Betawi), or language dialects Melayu Medan.

2. Social dialects, ie dialects used by certain groups or certain community-level marking. Examples of dialects and dialect female adolescents.

3. Temporal dialect, which dialect is used at a certain time. Examples of dialects and dialect Malays Melayu Sriwijaya era Abdullah era.

4. Idiolek, the overall features of the language a person. Even if we all speak Indonesian, we each have personal characteristics in the pronunciation, grammar, or word choice and wealth.

Variety of language in the Indonesian language and does not amount to very much terhad. So, it is divided on the basis of the subject, broker talks, and the relationship antarpembicara.

Variety of languages by the subject include:

1. diversity legislation
2. journalistic manner
3. scientific manner
4. literary variety

Variety of languages by the relationship antarpembicara divided into:

1. spoken variety, consisting of:
1. kinds of conversations
2. variety of speech
3. variety of lectures
4. stage range
2. variety of writing, consists of:
1. technical diversity
2. diversity legislation
3. range of records
4. variety of correspondence

In fact, the standard language can not be used for all purposes, but only to:

1. official communication
2. technical discourse
3. conversation in front of a crowd
4. conversations with people who are respected

In addition to the use of the fourth, not the raw variety dipakailah.

See also
Indonesian Proverb
* Bahasa Melayu
* The word absorption in the Indonesian language
* Register said the uptake in the Indonesian language
* Dutch in Indonesia
* The difference between Malays and Indonesian language
* The difference between the title language basahan Malays and Indonesian language

Reference
# ^ Article 36 Undang-Undang Dasar RI 1945
# ^ The third para Sumpah Pemuda, 28 Oktober 1928
# ^ Kridalaksana H. 1991. Pendekatan tentang Pendekatan Historis dalam Kajian Bahasa Melayu dan Bahasa Indonesia. Dalam Kridalaksana H. (penyunting). Masa Lampau bahasa Indonesia: Sebuah Bunga Rampai. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta.
# ^ Asmadi T.D. Arti Tanggal 2 Mei bagi Bahasa Indonesia. Laman Lembaga Pers Dr. Sutomo. Edisi 08 Februari 2010. diakses 5 Maret 2010.
# ^ Depdiknas Terbitkan Peta Bahasa Blog BahasaKita 4 Maret 2009, mirror dari berita AntaraOnline edisi 22 Oktober 2008.
# ^ http://www.ohio.edu/LINGUISTICS/indonesian/index.html Why Indonesian is important to learn. Situs pengajaran bahasa Indonesia di Ohio State University.
# ^ Farber, Barry. J. How to learn any language quickly, enjoyably and on your own. Citadel Press. 1991.
# ^ Eliot, J., Bickersteth, J. Sumatra Handbook. Footprint. 2000.
# ^ The discovery of ancient Melayu language inscriptions in Central Java (numbered in the 9th century) and near Bogor (Bogor inscription) from the 10th century shows the existence of the spreading use of this language in Java
# ^ Laguna Copperplate Inscription (900 AD) found near Manila, Luzon Island, Melayu-speaking Kuna, showed linkage region with Sriwijaya.
# ^ a b (en)Best of The Best (Crème de la Crème)
# ^ This is not surprising because many of the publishing business at that time came from ethnic hard.
# ^ Balai Pustaka, tidying After A Decade. Kompas Online, 25 November 2009.
# ^ Teeuw, A (1986). Modern Indonesian Literature I.
# ^ Etek, Azizah (2008). Kelah Sang Demang, Jahja Datoek Kajo, Pidato Otokritik di Volksraad 1927 - 1939.